Pharmaceutical applications of Aloe vera

Huay Chin Heng, Mohd Hanif Zulfakar, Pei Yuen Ng

Abstract


Aloe vera has been used as folk medicine for a host of therapeutic indications of which the inner gel is the component extensively used and studied. Proponents of the use of this plant suggest that it is easily available, economical, and have fewer side effects compared to commercial drug compounds. However, the active constituents and their exact mechanisms have yet to be fully elucidated. This review focuses on the identification of the active constituents and their functional mechanism in the areas of anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, and antibacterial. Preliminary evidence was found to support the antidiabetic effect which extended to the early stages of the disease with no adverse effects at the dosages used. Although topical application for its anti-inflammatory effect may be delayed and minute, oral administration has shown a significant response. However, too high a dose has been linked with an initial inflammatory reaction. Favorable response to the gel has also been demonstrated to support the use of A. vera in wound-healing and as an antibacterial agent, although limited to simple, uncomplicated wounds. Different active constituents such as acemannan and aloin have been suggested for the effects of the plant and this may be interpreted as synergism among different compounds rather than the action of a single compound. Until robust evidence is available, the plant should only be used as an adjunct to other well-established evidence-based treatment modalities.


Keywords


A. vera; anti-diabetic; anti-inflammatory; wound healing; antibacterial

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abarca-Vargas R, Peña Malacara CF, Petricevich VL. 2016. Characterization of chemical compounds with antioxidant and cytotoxic activities in bougainvillea x buttiana holttum and standl,(Var. rose) extracts. Antioxidants. 5(4): 45.

Akhoondinasab MR, Akhoondinasab M, Saberi M. 2014. Comparison of healing effect of aloe vera extract and silver sulfadiazine in burn injuries in experimental rat model. World journal of plastic surgery. 3(1): 29.

Akinyele B, Odiyi A. 2007. Comparative study of the vegetative morphology and the existing taxonomic status of Aloe vera L. Journal of plant Sciences. 2(5): 558-63.

Alemdar S, Agaoglu S. 2009. Investigation of in vitro antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera juice. J Anim Vet Adv. 8(1): 99-102.

Almeida D, Pinto D, Santos J, Vinha AF, Palmeira J, Ferreira HN, . . . Oliveira MBP. 2018. Hardy kiwifruit leaves (Actinidia arguta): An extraordinary source of value-added compounds for food industry. Food Chemistry. 259: 113-21.

Amyes SG. 2013. Bacteria: a very short introduction: OUP Oxford.

Atiba A, Nishimura M, Kakinuma S, Hiraoka T, Goryo M, Shimada Y, . . . Uzuka Y. 2011. Aloe vera oral administration accelerates acute radiation-delayed wound healing by stimulating transforming growth factor-β and fibroblast growth factor production. The American Journal of Surgery. 201(6): 809-18.

Atiba A, Ueno H, Uzuka Y. 2011. The effect of aloe vera oral administration on cutaneous wound healing in type 2 diabetic rats. Journal of Veterinary Medical Science. 73(5): 583-89.

Banu A, Sathyanarayana B, Chattannavar G. 2012. Efficacy of fresh Aloe vera gel against multi-drug resistant bacteria in infected leg ulcers. The Australasian medical journal. 5(6): 305.

Bautista-Pérez Ro, Segura-Cobos D, Vázquez-Cruz B. 2004. In vitro antibradykinin activity of Aloe barbadensis gel. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 93(1): 89-92.

Beppu H, Shimpo K, Chihara T, Kaneko T, Tamai I, Yamaji S, . . . Sonoda S. 2006. Antidiabetic effects of dietary administration of Aloe arborescens Miller components on multiple low-dose streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice: investigation on hypoglycemic action and systemic absorption dynamics of aloe components. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 103(3): 468-77.

Beveridge TJ. 1999. Structures of gram-negative cell walls and their derived membrane vesicles. Journal of Bacteriology. 181(16): 4725-33.

Bierhalz ACK, Lopes SA, Pires ALR, Moraes ÂM. 2017. Development of polysaccharide-based membranes incorporating the bioactive compound aloin. Int. J Polymeric Materials and Polymeric Biomaterials. 66(4): 193-202.

Boudreau MD, Beland FA. 2006. An evaluation of the biological and toxicological properties of Aloe barbadensis (miller), Aloe vera. J. Environmental Scie Health Part C. 24(1): 103-54.

Cárdenas-Ibarra L, Villarreal-Pérez JZ, Lira-Castillo JC, Nava-Alemán A. 2017. Randomized double blind crossover trial of Aloe vera, Cnidoscolus chayamansa and placebo for reducing hyperglycemia in women with early metabolic syndrome. Clinical Nutrition Experimental.

Cavallito CJ, Bailey JH. 1944. Allicin, the antibacterial principle of Allium sativum. I. Isolation, physical properties and antibacterial action. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 66(11): 1950-51.

Chandran R, Abrahamse H, Parimelazhagan T. 2018. Cytotoxic, analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties of Syzygium calophyllifolium bark. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 103: 1079-85.

Chithra P, Sajithlal G, Chandrakasan G. 1998. Influence of Aloe vera on collagen characteristics in healing dermal wounds in rats. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry. 181(1): 71-76.

Chithra P, Sajithlal G, Chandrakasan G. 1998. Influence of Aloe vera on the glycosaminoglycans in the matrix of healing dermal wounds in rats. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 59(3): 179-86.

Choi SW, Son BW, Son YS, Park YI, Lee SK, Chung MH. 2001. The wound‐healing effect of a glycoprotein fraction isolated from aloe vera. British Journal of Dermatology. 145(4): 535-45.

Choudhury B, Kandimalla R, Elancheran R, Bharali R, Kotoky J. 2018. Garcinia morella fruit, a promising source of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agents induces breast cancer cell death via triggering apoptotic pathway. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 103: 562-73.

Cock IE. 2008. Antimicrobial activity of Aloe barbadensis Miller leaf gel components. The Internet Journal of Microbiology. 4(2): 17.

Cole L, Heard C. 2007. Skin permeation enhancement potential of Aloe Vera and a proposed mechanism of action based upon size exclusion and pull effect. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 333(1): 10-16.

Dagne E, Bisrat D, Viljoen A, Van Wyk B. 2000. Chemistry of Aloe species. Current Organic Chemistry. 4(10): 1055-78.

Dahiya P, Purkayastha S. 2012. Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of some medicinal plants against multi-drug resistant bacteria from clinical isolates. Indian journal of pharmaceutical sciences. 74(5): 443.

Dandona P, Aljada A, Bandyopadhyay A. 2004. Inflammation: the link between insulin resistance, obesity and diabetes. Trends in Immunology. 25(1): 4-7.

Das S, Mishra B, Gill K, Ashraf MS, Singh AK, Sinha M, . . . Singh TP. 2011. Isolation and characterization of novel protein with anti-fungal and anti-inflammatory properties from Aloe vera leaf gel. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 48(1): 38-43.

Debnath T, Ghosh M, Lee YM, Nath NCD, Lee K-G, Lim BO. 2017. Identification of phenolic constituents and antioxidant activity of Aloe barbadensis flower extracts. Food and Agricultural Immunology: 1-12.

Devaraj A, Karpagam T. 2011. Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity and analgesic effect of Aloe vera leaf extract in rats. International Research Journal of Pharmacy. 2(3): 103-10.

Devaraj S, Yimam M, Brownell LA, Jialal I, Singh S, Jia Q. 2013. Effects of Aloe vera supplementation in subjects with prediabetes/metabolic syndrome. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 11(1): 35-40.

Eamlamnam K, Patumraj S, Visedopas N, Thong-Ngam D. 2006. Effects of Aloe vera and sucralfate on gastric microcirculatory changes, cytokine levels and gastric ulcer healing in rats. World Journal of Gastroenterology. 12(13): 2034.

Egesie U, Chima K, Galam N. 2011. Anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of aqueous extract of Aloe Vera (Aloe barbadensis) in rats. African Journal of Biomedical Research. 14(3): 209-12.

Eshghi F, Hosseinimehr SJ, Rahmani N, Khademloo M, Norozi MS, Hojati O. 2010. Effects of Aloe vera cream on posthemorrhoidectomy pain and wound healing: results of a randomized, blind, placebo-control study. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 16(6): 647-50.

Esua MF, Rauwald J-W. 2006. Novel bioactive maloyl glucans from Aloe vera gel: isolation, structure elucidation and in vitro bioassays. Carbohydrate Research. 341(3): 355-64.

Fallah Huseini H, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, Hashem Dabaghian F. 2012. Antihyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hypercholesterolemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clininal trial. Planta Medica. 78: 311-6.

Fan M, Sun X, Qian Y, Xu Y, Wang D, Cao Y. 2018. Effects of metal ions in tea polysaccharides on their in vitro antioxidant activity and hypoglycemic activity. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules.

Ferrare K, Bidel LP, Awwad A, Poucheret P, Cazals G, Lazennec F, . . . Tousch D. 2018. Increase in insulin sensitivity by the association of chicoric acid and chlorogenic acid contained in a natural chicoric acid extract (NCRAE) of chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) for an antidiabetic effect. Journal of ethnopharmacology.

Ferro VA, Bradbury F, Cameron P, Shakir E, Rahman SR, Stimson WH. 2003. In vitro susceptibilities of Shigella flexneri and Streptococcus pyogenes to inner gel of Aloe barbadensis Miller. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 47(3): 1137-39.

Fox LT, Mazumder A, Dwivedi A, Gerber M, Du Plessis J, Hamman JH. 2017. In vitro wound healing and cytotoxic activity of the gel and whole-leaf materials from selected aloe species. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 200: 1-7.

Fulton JE. 1990. The Stimulation of Postdermabrasion Wound Healing with Stabilized Aloe Vera Gel‐Polyethylene Oxide Dressing. The Journal of dermatologic surgery and oncology. 16(5): 460-67.

Garcia-Orue I, Gainza G, Gutierrez FB, Aguirre JJ, Evora C, Pedraz JL, . . . Igartua M. 2017. Novel nanofibrous dressings containing rhEGF and Aloe vera for wound healing applications. International Journal of Pharmaceutics. 523(2): 556-66.

Guo Sa, DiPietro LA. 2010. Factors affecting wound healing. Journal of Dental Research. 89(3): 219-29.

Habeeb F, Stables G, Bradbury F, Nong S, Cameron P, Plevin R, Ferro VA. 2007. The inner gel component of Aloe vera suppresses bacterial-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines from human immune cells. Methods. 42(4): 388-93.

Hatware KV, Sharma S, Patil K, Shete M, Karri S, Gupta G. 2018. Evidence for gastroprotective, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves on indomethacin and stress induced gastric lesions in Wistar rats. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 103: 317-25.

Heggers JP, Kucukcelebi A, Listengarten D, Stabenau J, Ko F, Broemeling LD, . . . Winters WD. 1996. Beneficial effect of Aloe on wound healing in an excisional wound model. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2(2): 271-77.

Hormozi M, Assaei R, Boroujeni MB. 2017. The effect of aloe vera on the expression of wound healing factors (TGFβ1 and bFGF) in mouse embryonic fibroblast cell: In vitro study. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 88: 610-16.

Hosseinimehr SJ, Khorasani G, Azadbakht M, Zamani P, Ghasemi M, Ahmadi A. 2010. Effect of aloe cream versus silver sulfadiazine for healing burn wounds in rats. Acta Dermatovenerologica Croatica. 18(1): 0-0.

Huseini HF, Kianbakht S, Hajiaghaee R, Dabaghian FH. 2012. Anti-hyperglycemic and anti-hypercholesterolemic effects of Aloe vera leaf gel in hyperlipidemic type 2 diabetic patients: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial. Planta Medica. 78(04): 311-16.

Hutter JA, Salman M, Stavinoha WB, Satsangi N, Williams RF, Streeper RT, Weintraub ST. 1996. Antiinflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from Aloe barbadensis. Journal of Natural Products. 59(5): 541-43.

Institute for Public Health. 2015. National Health and Morbidity Survey 2015. Institute for Public Health, Malaysia. pp. 315.

Irshad S, Butt M, Younus H. 2011. In-vitro antibacterial activity of Aloe barbadensis Miller (Aloe vera). International research journal of pharmaceuticals. 1(2): 59-64.

Kargaran M, Moradabadi AR, Arjomandzadegan M, Hosseini H, Habibi G, Tayeboon M, . . . Akbari A. 2017. Effects of the Aqueous Extract of Aloe vera on the Morphological and Physiological Properties of E. coli. Iranian Red Crescent Medical Journal. 19(2).

Kazemian H, Ghafourian S, Sadeghifard N, Badakhsh B, Heidari H, Taji A, . . . Houri H. 2016. In vivo antibacterial and wound healing activities of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile). Infectious disorders drug targets.

Khan AW, Kotta S, Ansari SH, Sharma RK, Kumar A, Ali J. 2013. Formulation development, optimization and evaluation of aloe vera gel for wound healing. Pharmacognosy magazine. 9(Suppl 1): S6.

Khorasani G, Hosseinimehr SJ, Azadbakht M, Zamani A, Mahdavi MR. 2009. Aloe versus silver sulfadiazine creams for second-degree burns: a randomized controlled study. Surgery today. 39(7): 587-91.

Kouassi Y, Shelef LA. 1998. Inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes by cinnamic acid: possible interaction of the acid with cysteinyl residues. Journal of food safety. 18(3): 231-42.

Langmead L, Feakins R, Goldthorpe S, Holt H, Tsironi E, De Silva A, . . . Rampton D. 2004. Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics. 19(7): 739-47.

Lawrence R, Tripathi P, Jeyakumar E. 2009. Isolation, purification and evaluation of antibacterial agents from Aloe vera. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology. 40(4): 906-15.

Li L-J, Gao S-Q, Peng L-H, Wang X-R, Zhang Y, Hu Z-J, Gao J-Q. 2017. Evaluation of efficacy of aloin in treating acute trauma in vitro and in vivo. Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy. 88: 1211-19.

Li Y-R, Fu C-S, Yang W-J, Wang X-L, Feng D, Wang X-N, . . . Shen T. 2018. Investigation of constituents from Cinnamomum camphora (L.) J. Presl and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory properties in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. J. Ethnopharmacol. 221: 37-47.

Lorenzetti LJ, Salisbury R, Beal JL, Baldwin JN. 1964. Bacteriostatic property of Aloe vera. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 53: 1287.

Manco M, Calvani M, Mingrone G. 2004. Effects of dietary fatty acids on insulin sensitivity and secretion. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism. 6(6): 402-13.

Mehrotra S, Srivastava AK. 2010. Comparative antimicrobial activities of Neem, Amla, Aloe, Assam Tea and Clove extracts against Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 4(23): 2473-78.

Mendonça FAS, Passarini Junior JR, Esquisatto MAM, Mendonça JS, Franchini CC, Santos GMTd. 2009. Effects of the application of Aloe vera (L.) and microcurrent on the healing of wounds surgically induced in Wistar rats. Acta Cirúrgica Brasileira. 24(2): 150-55.

Ministry of Health Malaysia. 2015. Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Malaysia, (Online), (http://www.moh.gov.my/penerbitan/CPG/CPG%20T2DM%202015.pdf, accessed 1 September 2018).

Moezi L, Arshadi SS, Motazedian T, Seradj SH, Dehghani F. 2018. Anti-Diabetic Effects of Amygdalus Lycioides Spach in Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rats. Iranian Journal of Pharmaceutical Research. 17(1): 353-64.

Moreira MM, Barroso MF, Porto JV, Ramalhosa M, Švarc-Gajić J, Estevinho L, . . . Delerue-Matos C. 2018. Potential of Portuguese vine shoot wastes as natural resources of bioactive compounds. Science of The Total Environment. 634: 831-42.

Morton JF. 1961. Folk uses and commercial exploitation of Aloe leaf pulp. Economic Botany. 15(4): 311-19.

Nadaf NH, Parulekar RS, Patil RS, Gade TK, Momin AA, Waghmare SR, . . . Sonawane KD. 2018. Biofilm inhibition mechanism from extract of Hymenocallis littoralis leaves. J. Ethnopharmacol. 222: 121-32.

Negahdari S, Galehdari H, Kesmati M, Rezaie A, Shariati G. 2017. Wound healing activity of extracts and formulations of aloe vera, henna, adiantum capillus-veneris, and myrrh on mouse dermal fibroblast cells. International journal of preventive medicine. 8.

Nejatzadeh-Barandozi F. 2013. Antibacterial activities and antioxidant capacity of Aloe vera. Organic and medicinal chemistry letters. 3(1): 5.

Ni Y, Turner D, Yates K, Tizard I. 2004. Isolation and characterization of structural components of Aloe vera L. leaf pulp. International Immunopharmacology. 4(14): 1745-55.

Nowrozani FR, Ranjbary AG. 2018. Effects of the hydroalcoholic extract of Artemisia khorassanica on wound healing potential in mice. Comparative Clinical Pathology: 1-5.

Okyar A, Can A, Akev N, Baktir G, Sutlupinar N. 2001. Effect of Aloe vera leaves on blood glucose level in type I and type II diabetic rat models. Phytotherapy Research. 15(2): 157-61.

Oryan A, Naeini AT, Nikahval B, Gorjian E. 2010. Effect of aqueous extract of Aloe vera on experimental cutaneous wound healing in rat. Veterinarski arhiv. 80(4): 509-22.

Park M-Y, Kwon H-J, Sung M-K. 2009. Evaluation of aloin and aloe-emodin as anti-inflammatory agents in aloe by using murine macrophages. Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry. 73(4): 828-32.

Park M-Y, Kwon H-J, Sung M-K. 2011. Dietary aloin, aloesin, or aloe-gel exerts anti-inflammatory activity in a rat colitis model. Life Sciences. 88(11): 486-92.

Paul S, Dutta S, Chaudhuri TK, Bhattacharjee S. 2014. Anti-inflammatory and protective properties of Aloe vera leaf crude gel in carrageenan induced acute inflammatory rat models. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 6(9): 368-71.

Pellizzoni M, Ruzickova G, Kalhotka L, Lucini L. 2012. Antimicrobial activity of different Aloe barbadensis Mill. and Aloe arborescens Mill. leaf fractions. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research. 6(10): 1975-81.

Pereira LOM, Vilegas W, Tangerina MMP, Arunachalam K, Balogun SO, Orlandi-Mattos PE, . . . de Oliveira Martins DT. 2018. Lafoensia pacari A. St.-Hil.: wound healing activity and mechanism of action of standardized hydroethanolic leaves extract. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 219: 337-50.

Pérez YY, Jiménez-Ferrer E, Zamilpa A, Hernández-Valencia M, Alarcón-Aguilar FJ, Tortoriello J, Román-Ramos R. 2007. Effect of a polyphenol-rich extract from Aloe vera gel on experimentally induced insulin resistance in mice. The American journal of Chinese medicine. 35(06): 1037-46.

PubChem. Aloin, (Online), (https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/313325#section=Top, accessed 8 May 2018).

PubMed Health. 2015. What is an inflammation?, (Online), (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0072482/, accessed 7 May 2018).

Rahman S, Carter P, Bhattarai N. 2017. Aloe Vera for Tissue Engineering Applications. Journal of functional biomaterials. 8(1): 6.

Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. 2005. Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Pharmacol Rep. 57(1): 90-6.

Rajasekaran S, Sivagnanam K, Subramanian S. 2005. Mineral contents of Aloe vera leaf gel and their role on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Biological Trace Element Research. 108(1-3): 185.

Reuter J, Jocher A, Stump J, Grossjohann B, Franke G, Schempp C. 2008. Investigation of the anti-inflammatory potential of Aloe vera gel (97.5%) in the ultraviolet erythema test. Skin pharmacology and physiology. 21(2): 106-10.

Robson MC, Heggers JP, Hagstrom WJ. 1982. Myth, magic, witchcraft, or fact? Aloe vera revisited. The Journal of Burn Care & Rehabilitation. 3(3): 157-63.

Rodriguez-Bigas M, Cruz NI, Suarez A. 1988. Comparative evaluation of aloe vera in the management of burn wounds in guinea pigs. Plastic and reconstructive surgery. 81(3): 386-89.

Rogers K. 2010. Bacteria and Viruses. Britannica Educational Publishing.

Salah F, El Ghoul Y, Mahdhi A, Majdoub H, Jarroux N, Sakli F. 2017. Effect of the deacetylation degree on the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of acemannan from Aloe vera. Industrial Crops and Products. 103: 13-18.

Salazar M, Costa JV, Urbina GRO, Cunha VMB, Silva M, do Nascimento Bezerra P, . . . Junior RC. 2018. Chemical composition, antioxidant activity, neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects of cipó-pucá (Cissus sicyoides L.) extracts obtained from supercritical extraction. The Journal of Supercritical Fluids. 138: 36-45.

Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS. 1991. Aloe vera dermal wound gel is associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstetrics & Gynecology. 78(1): 115-17.

Semaan D, Igoli J, Young L, Gray A, Rowan E, Marrero E. 2018. In vitro anti-diabetic effect of flavonoids and pheophytins from Allophylus cominia Sw. on the glucose uptake assays by HepG2, L6, 3T3-L1 and fat accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Journal of ethnopharmacology.

Shelton RM. 1991. Aloe vera. International Journal of Dermatology. 30(10): 679-83.

Shi X-D, Nie S-P, Yin J-Y, Que Z-Q, Zhang L-J, Huang X-J. 2017. Polysaccharide from leaf skin of Aloe barbadensis Miller: Part I. Extraction, fractionation, physicochemical properties and structural characterization. Food Hydrocolloids. 73: 176-83.

Sirima S, Phiriyawirut M, Suttisintong K. 2017. Comparison of the Release of Aloe vera Extracts from Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Electrospun Fibers and Hydrogel Films for Wound Healing Applications. Paper presented at the Key Engineering Materials.

Stanley MC, Ifeanyi OE, Eziokwu OG. 2014. Antimicrobial effects of Aloe vera on some human pathogens. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences. 3(3): 1022-28.

Subramanian S, Kumar DS, Arulselvan P, Senthilkumar G. 2006. In vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of ethanolic extract of Aloe vera leaf gel. Journal of plant Sciences. 1(4): 348-55.

Surjushe A, Vasani R, Saple D. 2008. Aloe vera: A short review. Indian journal of dermatology. 53(4): 163.

Takzare N, Hosseini M-j, Hasanzadeh G, Mortazavi H, Takzare A, Habibi P. 2009. Influence of Aloe Vera gel on dermal wound healing process in rat. Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods. 19(1): 73-77.

Tanaka M, Misawa E, Ito Y, Habara N, Nomaguchi K, Yamada M, . . . Inagaki M. 2006. Identification of five phytosterols from Aloe vera gel as anti-diabetic compounds. Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 29(7): 1418-22.

Tang T, Duan X, Ke Y, Zhang L, Shen Y, Hu B, . . . Wu W. 2018. Antidiabetic activities of polysaccharides from Anoectochilus roxburghii and Anoectochilus formosanus in STZ-induced diabetic mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 112: 882-88.

Tarameshloo M, Norouzian M, Zarein-Dolab S, Dadpay M, Mohsenifar J, Gazor R. 2012. Aloe vera gel and thyroid hormone cream may improve wound healing in Wistar rats. Anatomy & cell biology. 45(3): 170-77.

Ucuzian AA, Gassman AA, East AT, Greisler HP. 2010. Molecular mediators of angiogenesis. Journal of burn care & research: official publication of the American Burn Association. 31(1): 158.

V Stankov S. 2012. Definition of inflammation, causes of inflammation and possible anti-inflammatory strategies. The open inflammation journal. 5(1).

Vázquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B. 1996. Antiinflammatory activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 55(1): 69-75.

Veerasubramanian PK, Thangavel P, Kannan R, Chakraborty S, Ramachandran B, Suguna L, Muthuvijayan V. 2018. An investigation of konjac glucomannan-keratin hydrogel scaffold loaded with Avena sativa extracts for diabetic wound healing. Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 165: 92-102.

Velnar T, Bailey T, Smrkolj V. 2009. The wound healing process: an overview of the cellular and molecular mechanisms. Journal of International Medical Research. 37(5): 1528-42.

Vijayalakshmi D, Dhandapani R, Jayaveni S, Jithendra PS, Rose C, Mandal AB. 2012. In vitro anti inflammatory activity of Aloe vera by down regulation of MMP-9 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Journal of ethnopharmacology. 141(1): 542-46.

Wahedi HM, Jeong M, Chae JK, Do SG, Yoon H, Kim SY. 2017. Aloesin from Aloe vera accelerates skin wound healing by modulating MAPK/Rho and Smad signaling pathways in vitro and in vivo. Phytomedicine. 28: 19-26.

Wei Z-F, Zhao R-N, Dong L-J, Zhao X-Y, Su J-X, Zhao M, . . . Zhang L-J. 2018. Dual-cooled solvent-free microwave extraction of Salvia officinalis L. essential oil and evaluation of its antimicrobial activity. Industrial Crops and Products. 120: 71-76.

Yagi A, Harada N, Yamada H, Iwadare S, Nishioka I. 1982. Antibradykinin active material in Aloe saponaria. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 71(10): 1172-74.

Yagi A, Kabash A, Mizuno K, Moustafa S, Khalifa T, Tsuji H. 2003. Radical scavenging glycoprotein inhibiting cyclooxygenase-2 and thromboxane A2 synthase from aloe vera gel. Planta Medica. 69(03): 269-71.

Yagi A, Kabash A, Okamura N, Haraguchi H, Moustafa S, Khalifa T. 2002. Antioxidant, free radical scavenging and anti-inflammatory effects of aloesin derivatives in Aloe vera. Planta Medica. 68(11): 957-60.

Yebpella G, MM AH, Hammuel C, Magomya A, Agbaji A, Okonkwo E. 2011. Phtyochemical screening and comparative study of antimicrobial activity of Aloe vera various extracts. African Journal of Microbiology Research. 5(10): 1182-87.

Zhang H, Chen J, Cen Y. 2018. Burn wound healing potential of a polysaccharide from Sanguisorba officinalis L. in mice. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules. 112: 862-67




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.14499/indonesianjpharm29iss3pp101

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Copyright (c) 2018 INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACY

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Indonesian J Pharm indexed by:

web
analytics View My Stats